Tuesday, December 6, 2011

The Triangular Trade by Simon Philénas from Sainte-Marie





In the 18th century, the Triangular Trade was part of the slave trade between three continents: Europe, Africa and America (particularly the West Indies).

Ships which transported slaves left from big ports like Amsterdam, Lisbon, and Nantes (1427 expeditions between 1715 & 1789). Nantes, in France, was the 1st slavery port in the world during the 18th century. 

Europeans (mostly Spanish, French and English) loaded glass trinkets, fabrics, weapons or manufactured goods in the ships. In Africa, most of the time in Senegal or in the Island of Goree, they exchanged their cheap cargo for slaves.

The ships then continued and the slaves were shipped to, for example, the West Indies, where they were swapped for production crops such as sugar, vanilla, tobacco, coffee or various other tropical products. About 5000 slaves per year were deported to the Americas. The journey was horrible for the Blacks, and almost 15% died during the trip.

The Triangular Trade allowed  the most magnificent buildings in the French ports to be built, and was a huge source of money for European countries. It was also a major factor in the disappearance of the ancient African societies and a cause of today's underdevelopment of the African continent...

Wednesday, November 2, 2011

Graphs and statistics


In History and Geography studies, information can be presented in different ways:

  • table of figures
  • graph (evolution curb)
  • bar chart
  • pie chart
  • population pyramid

When studying a graph or statistics table, you need to note its:
  • aim (see title and legend)
  • major tendencies
  • extremes
  • irregularities

World population distribution


 
Factors that explain population distribution:
  • relief 
  • water 
  • climate 
  • soil 
  • vegetation 
  • disease and pests 
  • natural resources 
  • economies 
  • communication networks
  • political, social and cultural factors

Demographic transition model


The demographic transition model explains how human populations go, over a lengthy period of time, from a situation of demographic stability with high birth and death rates, to a situation of demographic stability with low birth and death rates.

Neolithic demographic revolution


The Neolithic demographic revolution started 10,000 years ago. Following the invention of agriculture and animal rearing, human groups settled (stopped being nomadic) and the population of the world started to slowly increase. Villages, then cities, and finally States were established; social groups became non-egalitarian and violent (wars).

"Settlement" means:
  1. the process of settling an area (exempli gratia: “the Irish settled in America”) 
  2. a small community.

Population vocabulary


Population: a group of people within a particular place (country, region, town, etc.).

Population distribution: the way in which a population is spread over an area.  

Population density: population per kilometer squared (for example: 78 people/km2).

Demography

Demography: is the statistical study of the changes over time or space in human populations. It encompasses the study of the size, structure and distribution of these populations, and spatial and/or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, aging and death.